Which endocrine disorder is characterized by excessive thirst and urination?

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by excessive thirst (polydipsia) and increased urination (polyuria) due to high levels of glucose in the bloodstream. In this condition, the body either does not produce enough insulin or cannot effectively use the insulin it does produce, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. The kidneys attempt to eliminate the excess glucose by filtering it out of the blood into the urine. Because glucose pulls water with it, this results in increased urine volume, leading to frequent urination. When the body loses more water, it triggers the sensation of thirst, resulting in excessive thirst as individuals try to compensate for fluid loss.

This symptomatology is a crucial aspect of diabetes mellitus and directly relates to its underlying pathophysiology, making it the primary disorder associated with these symptoms. While the other conditions listed might present with various symptoms, they do not typically include the specific combination of polydipsia and polyuria as hallmark features.