What effect does cortisol have on the body during stress?

Cortisol, a glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, plays a crucial role in the body's response to stress. During stressful situations, cortisol is released into the bloodstream, and its primary effects include increasing blood sugar levels and suppressing the immune response.

The increase in blood sugar is important as it provides immediate energy to vital organs and muscles, particularly during the 'fight or flight' response. This heightened energy availability is essential for coping with stressors. Cortisol achieves this by stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver, which converts non-carbohydrate sources (like protein and fat) into glucose, enhancing the overall energy supply.

On the other hand, the suppression of the immune response is a way for the body to prioritize immediate survival over long-term health concerns during acute stress. High levels of cortisol can inhibit the functions of various immune cells, thereby reducing inflammation and hindering the body's immune responses. While this is beneficial in the short term for focusing resources, it can have adverse effects if sustained over long periods.

Understanding the dual role of cortisol during stress helps illuminate why it significantly impacts metabolism and immune function, highlighting the body’s priority in responding to immediate threats.